Early American Colonies :: Reasons for Colonization

There were various reasons why the American Colonies were established. The three most important themes of English colonization of America were theology, economics, and government. The most important reasons for colonization were to attempt refuge, religious freedom, and economic opportunity. To a lesser degree, the colonists sought to establish a stable and progressive government.Many colonies were founded for religious purposes. While religion was involved with any of the colonies, Massachusetts, New Haven, Maryland, and Pennsylvania were established exclusively for religious purposes. Massachusettss inhabitants were Puritans who believed in predestination and the ideal that God is perfect. Many Puritans in England were persecuted for their nihilist beliefs in England because they mat that the church service of England, led by the King, did not enforce a literal enough interpretation of the Bible. Persecution punishment included jail and even execution. To seek refuge, they un caring to go to Holland because of its proximity, lower cost, and safer passage. However, their lives in Holland were much different than that of England. The Separatists did not rebel against but rather preferred the English culture. They did not want their children to be raised Dutch. Also, they felt that Holland was too liberal. Although they enjoyed the freedom of religion, they decided to leave for America. Pilgrims, or sojourners, left for America on the Mayflower and landed in Cape Cod in 1626. They had baffled their destination, Jamestown. Although the climate was extremely rocky, they did not want to move south because of their Puritan beliefs. They thought that everything was predestined, and that they must have landed on this rocky place for a reason. They moved slightly north to Plymouth Rock in order to survive much comfortably. Also because of their Puritan beliefs, they had good relations with the Native Americans. Their pacifist temper led the Indians to help with their crops. In thanks, the Pilgrims celebrated the first thanksgiving in 1621. A second group of Puritans in England, the Massachusetts Bay Company, came to Massachusetts for more economically motivated purposes due to their non-minimalist beliefs. New Haven and Connecticut were two other colonies founded exclusively for Religious purposes. Many of the Separatists in Massachusetts felt that the religion was too liberal inside of the colony. They felt that the beliefs were not being enforced enough and that the people were not living through literal interpretations of the Bible. These Separatists further separated themselves from Massachusetts and formed a new colony, New Haven.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Concept of Charity in the General Prologue :: General Prologue Essays

The Concept of Charity in the habitual Prologue In the General Prologue, Chaucer presents an array of characters from the 1400s in order to paint portraits of world dish onesty and stupidity as well as virtue. Out of these twenty-nine character portraits three of them atomic number 18 especially interesting because they deal with beneficence. Charity during the 1400s, was a virtue of both religious and human traits. One character, the Parson, exemplifies Chaucers idea of charity, and two characters, Prioress, and Friar, to satirize the idea of charity and show that they are using charity for either devious reasons or out of convention or habit. According to the definition from the Websters dictionary, charity means natural endowment to the needy and helping the poor. In Chaucers time, however, charity meant much more. It included a love of G-d and doing the will of G-d as well as the kind of person one is. Thus Charity had two parts, one human, the other divine. T wo parts that mixed in different portions depending on a person. Charity was a human virtue that the Church encouraged. People believed that if one does something good, he will be rewarded by G-d. Many people did meaningful, charitable things out the goodness of their hearts, but others had through it for other reasons. Those reasons included making money from peoples pang and giving to charity because someone told them to do so, rather than from the goodness of their hearts or to ease the suffering of others. Chaucer plays off both of these parts of charity in his portraits to show how they can be combined differently in different people and to distinguish current charity from false charity. Parson exemplifies Chaucers idea of true charity. Even though Parson does not have any money, he considers himself sizable spiritually. Going or so the village, he teaches the poor and those who cant go to church about what G-d is and how to be a religious person. He gives mor e than he receives. In fact, he avoids preaching to the rich and well-to-do because he prefers going to the humble and poor, who truly need his help and G-d. He doesnt run to London to earn easy bread

Working and Poor Essay -- essays research papers

Its difficult to imagine how close to people ca-ca multiple jobs to support their family and still live below the poverty line. The saying the rich gets richer and the poor get poorer has never been so evident in at presents society. With a growing percentage of people brio below the poverty line, one has to question the organization policies enacted to elevate the living standings for its people. Government policies with child(p) influence the everyday life of its people. It is difficult to enact common ground policies to satisfy the entire public since not everyone is on same financial level. strategic plans should be sought out to ensure effectiveness to its targeted group by con gradientring all the interests of the stakeholders and the impact that will affect these stakeholder groups. According to the free market theory, the government ultimately has the social responsibility to its public. The important task the government must face is to maximize the benefit at a minimi zed cost. It must admire and implement laws that benefit overall society duration adhering strictly to its budget constraints. The underlying concept of the good will prevail is also prevalent in its policy effectiveness. Good implementations to benefit society will stay and the benefit will multiply with time. Bad policies will be questioned, debated, and eventually thrown out. The imperceptible hand will always bring the market back to equilibrium. The issues on employment greatly reflect a utilitarian view. Utilitarianism is often used to go over the conflict of interest. Often times the employer and the employees will encounter conflict of interests. Which side will ultimately come out on top depends on which side is perceived as the greatest and whether it will generate the greatest bottom line value or the greatest societal gain. The conflict of interest is perfectly app arent in a layoff, where the employers are doing so to maximize profit and minimize cost by outsourcin g all of its jobs overseas. The stakeholder, employees, suffers greatly from such an act. Utilitarianism often stresses the splendor of increased productivity and profit, and reducing cost while improving quality. Many people lose sight of the true benefit or damage in the long run. The only consideration was the short term gain and profit.It is not surprising that families living under the poverty line often hold some of the mo... ...ics living conditions, while the general public has duties to cooperate and carry out functions to ensure the success of these policies. Universal moral norms such as honesty, fairness, compassion, integrity, etc., are often expected between the stakeholders. The government and the companies must assess environmental scanning and fully evaluate issues management to ensure the public and its employees are protected, while the policy serves its underlying purpose. It is a depressing realization that some people work very hard to support those around th em and never get the benefits they deserve. Tax, education, and wellness care policies are often working against those who are less unfortunate. It is apparent that the poor keep on trailing further and further behind. Its not surprising to learn that the policies enacted today havent proven as effective as originally intended. Everyday is a learning process and current improvements must be made, especially in this fast paced, ever-changing environment. Poverty will never be eradicated, but with thorough analysis and evaluation, the overall living standard can be improved for many who are counting on the government to help them.

The Full Cupboard of Life Essay -- essays research papers

The Full Cupboard of Life is the fifth book in a delightful series of books by Alexander McCall Smith. The series started with The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency.Situated in Botswana, a country where the traditional values are slowly diminishing but life, as a whole rolls on. in that location are three main characters in the book Mma Ramotswe, Mr J.L.B. Matekoni and Mma Makutsi. Mma Ramotswe is the star of the series and Botswanas No.1 Lady Detective. She started her agency after her father Obed Ramotswe, who was a good man and knew oxen like no other, died and left her the herd. She sold most of the cattle which enabled Mma Ramotswe to buy a house in Zebra drive and start her world famous No.1 Ladies detective agency.Mma Ramotswe was in riskiness of being swamped by paperwork but luckily Mma Mak...

Africas War Against Terror :: History

Africas War Against TerrorAfrican people in their persistent efforts to claim their place on the globose stage is faced with paradoxes and challenges, the global stage where Africans are persistently marginalized, disadvantaged and vulnerable. The first step in Africans claiming their place in the global stage is withdraw all manifestations of inferiority and self-doubt and refuse to accept that their benchmarks, to measure their success, are set by separates. This is precisely what the NEPAD Peer review article Mechanism is about. The NEPAD Peer inspection Mechanism is about the idea that Africans should have the courage to be their own severe judges about what is right and wrong in the continent. The NEPAD Peer Review Mechanism being the fruit of the African Union act contains the specific objectives of Respect for democratic principles, human rights, the rule of law and good governance. Among its Objectives, it states that it will farm democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance and, Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments. There are some powerful voices though in the global stage who welcome NEPAD Peer Review Mechanism as an overdue effort of African people to take responsibility for solving their problems. They proclaim that this is precisely how support for Africas struggle to exercise her right to self-determination should be expressed.However, the support is on the condition that Africans do what they dictate to them. In other words they unequivocally declare that Africans are free to enjoy the right to arrange their future destiny but they want to dictate what that future destiny to be. They present themselves as the greatest champions of democracy and development in Africa. They some how, though vaguely that African leaders cannot be trusted to promote and entrench democracy and development i n Africa. In the Biblical Gospel according to St Matthew, it is give tongue to that Jesus Christ saw Simon Peter and his brother Andrew angle in the Sea of Galilee. And He said to them Follow Me, and I will make you fishers of men. by chance taking a cue from this, some people in the world have appointed themselves as fishers of corrupt men. The continent of Africa is the sea in which they have chosen to exercise their fishing craft. From everything they say, it is clear that they know it as a matter of fact that they are bound to return from their African fishing expeditions with huge catches of corrupt men (and women).

Family and the Polis Essays -- essays papers

Family and the PolisFamily and the Polis Two Very Different Ideals Sophocles wrote a play entitled Antigone. oneness of the main characters, Creon, is a king who is trying to rule in the best interests of his community. Aristophanes also wrote a play, Lysistrata, where his main character is trying to stop a fight within her country, a war between Sparta and Athens. Lysistrata is the only one who succeeds. It is because she focuses on the family issues first. That is what is at the heart of what is best for all of the people of Greece.Antigone is virtually rights of family and the control of the polis, or the government. Antigone is a strong female character whose two sidekicks, Eteocles and Polyneices, were killed by each other in a betrothal for the throne and power of the city. Polyneices body was remaining unburied and no one was allowed to bury it. Antigone treasured to respect her pal so she tried to go and bury him. Creon, the new king, was her uncle and she was engaged to marry his son. Creon told her that her brothers body must remain above ground because of the dishonor that he brought upon himself when he murdered his own brother in a battle for power and for the blood that he spilled of his own countrymen. He was a traitor. He turned on the city he once ruled and fought and killed the very brother that he shared blood with. By law his body was to remain above ground for the birds and the beasts to pluck apart. Creon com humanityded I here proclaim to the city that this man/ shall no one honor with a grave and none shall mourn. Polyneices wasnt going to be given honor when his life didnt moral excellence any.Creon saw Polyneices as an exile and a destroyer of the city. He came and attacked the very land that was his own and the... ...oney had been spent, too many people had died. To many things had been forgotten about for the mere reason of war The woman wanted their men foot and rightly so. The killing needed to stop and the men needed t o come home and run the cities and the land once more. She wanted things back the way that they used to be. Her plans were successful. The war was able to stopped and the needless killing ended. The men returned home to their wives and families were reunited. Lysistrata and Creon wanted to help their communities in different ways. Only Lysistrata was triumphant in her plan. She started with her own family and then moved beyond that for all the women and the whole of Greece. Creon was thinking big and playacting small. He was focusing on community and the government or the polis first of all and in doing that, he lost what is the most important issue, family.

Family and the Polis Essays -- essays papers

Family and the PolisFamily and the Polis Two Very Different Ideals Sophocles wrote a play entitled Antigone. One of the main characters, Creon, is a king who is trying to rule in the stovepipe interests of his community. Aristophanes also wrote a play, Lysistrata, where his main character is trying to stop a war within her country, a war between Sparta and Athens. Lysistrata is the only one who succeeds. It is because she focuses on the family issues runner. That is what is at the heart of what is best for all of the people of Greece.Antigone is about rights of family and the control of the polis, or the government. Antigone is a strong female character whose two companions, Eteocles and Polyneices, were killed by from each one other in a battle for the throne and power of the city. Polyneices body was left unburied and no one was allowed to bury it. Antigone wanted to respect her brother so she tried to go and bury him. Creon, the new king, was her uncle and she was engaged to m arry his son. Creon told her that her brothers body must live above ground because of the breach that he brought upon himself when he murdered his possess brother in a battle for power and for the blood that he spilled of his own countrymen. He was a traitor. He turned on the city he once ruled and fought and killed the truly brother that he shared blood with. By law his body was to remain above ground for the birds and the beasts to pluck apart. Creon commanded I here proclaim to the city that this man/ shall no one honor with a grave and none shall bewail. Polyneices wasnt going to be given honor when his life didnt merit any.Creon saw Polyneices as an exile and a destroyer of the city. He came and attacked the very land that was his own and the... ...oney had been spent, too many people had died. To many things had been forgotten about for the mere reason of war The woman wanted their men residence and rightly so. The killing needed to stop and the men needed to come home and run the cities and the land once more. She wanted things back the way that they use to be. Her plans were successful. The war was able to stopped and the needless killing ended. The men returned home to their wives and families were reunited. Lysistrata and Creon wanted to help their communities in different ways. Only Lysistrata was triumphant in her plan. She started with her own family and then moved beyond that for all the women and the whole of Greece. Creon was thinking big and acting small. He was focusing on community and the government or the polis first of all and in doing that, he lost what is the most important issue, family.

Civilize Them With A Stick

1) Study Guide Questions for Test 1To Prep are for Test 1, I recommend that you write down your responses to the following questions. You do not have to figure this assignment in for credit. If you are unclear about the answers after reading the chapters, contact me. If youd like me to look over your answers before your test, email them to me. This assignment is knowing to help you prepare for the test. You will only be tested on material that relates to the study guide questions Chapter 1 Study Guide Questions1. specify and chance on sociology. 2. expose the sociological imagination and apply the sociological imagination to genius aspect of your own life. 3. Define and distinguish the macro and micro levels of social life. 4. Describe and distinguish the functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theoretical perspectives. Explain how each perspective would attempt to understand a college degree. Obedience Video Study Guide Questions1. Describe Milgrams experiment, hi s research findings, and your own reaction to the video. 2. Discuss ways in which the findings of the Milgram experiment relate to things that occur in the real world. 3. In what way did proximity to the composition affect obedience? In what way did proximity to the authority figure influence obedience? How did groups influence obedience? (hint variations are shown at the end of the video) 4. What are the in hooked variable(s) and dependent variable(s) in the study (Chapter 2 of the textbook defines these terms). 5. What was the operational definition of obedience (Chapter 2 defines this term) Chapter 2 Study Guide Questions1. Define objectiveness and explain why it is important2. Describe the 6 steps of the scientific method and be prepared to assess whether or not the scientific method has been followed in an exam question that provides your with a research study to assess.3. Define operational definition. Be prepared to disclose and assess the validity of an operational defini tion in an exam question that provides you withinformation about a research study.4. Define and distinguish independent, dependent, and control variables. Be prepared to identify and distinguish independent and dependent variables in an exam question that provides you with information about a research study.5. Explain the difference surrounded by correlation and a causal relationship between variables.6. Define and distinguish validity and reliability.7. Define sample and explain the sizeableness of a random sample. Be prepared to identify sampling issues and discuss the importance of a random sample in an exam question that provides you with information about a research study.8. Briefly describe and be prepared to identify the following research methods survey, experiment, field research and secondary data analysis.9. Distinguish mean, median and mode. Explain why the median income in the U.S. is a better rate of the middle value than the mean (hint consider the impact of income s such as that of OprahWinfrey, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates on an average).Chapter 3 Study Guide Questions1. Define farming. 2. Define and distinguish material and non-material culture. 3. Define and distinguish norms and values. 4. Describe the types of norms (mores and folkways). Provide one example of the different types of norms that relate to your own life. 5. Define sanctions. Provide one example of sanctions that have influenced your own behavior 6. Define and distinguish ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Explain how the article, Civilize Them With a Stick Relates to ethnocentrism. 7. Define and distinguish subculture and counterculture. 8. Define culture shock.

Good vs Evil Essay

Going back to as far as we earth-closet remember there has always been a battle between good and evil or right vs. wrong. At the end of the day we are entirely faced with a moment where we must make a decision. A series of made decisions will, as a result, mold our character to somehow specialize ourselves as either good people or bad people. It is no surprise that this very own reality is the focus on our entertainment as well. We lose ourselves in an action packed film about a superhero saving the world from a villain to spending an evening watching trounce operas where Mr. Perfect goes through an injustice as Mr.Wrong in Every Sense takes his woman away from him. But in the first place all of this technology took over, this tantrum was given to us in a more witty and creative way. We will discuss these mentioned roles in two superb stories that until this day simply cannot be replaced by special effects and/or exaggerated and unnecessary stunts. Lets begin by discussing thi s subject on with one of OConnors masterpieces A Good Man is Hard to find. This is a story without restraint on going straight to the point. We may describe OConnors style of writing as a no apologies type of writing.The story begins by portraying an almost ordinary family. There is a grandmother, who plays the main role, along with her son, daughter-in-law, and grandchildren. This family discusses the possibilities of taking a road trip to Florida whereas the grandmother tries her best to persuade them into not following along with the plans. Being the paranoid elder we read about, she brings up the recent release of a killer and saying how I couldnt answer to my conscience (449) if her family came across him. Moving on to spoiling the finale, the story ends with both member of the family being shot and killed.Although brutal, it is tied completely to the title as the family comes across a cold hearted, merciless killer who did not care for the beseeching of poor old grandma. As previously discussed, this is a classic case of the innocent (good) sadly falling under the mercy of a criminal (evil). OConnor was an author that wrote with a purpose and meaning behind every story. Even though some may argue about this being simple a story for entertainment, we are able to take a look around and notice that scenarios like the one in the story happen around us sadly.Therefore, the reader can relate and surely sympathize for the family and what they went through. One of OConnors greatest attempt in revealing the mindset behind a character like The Misfit is through one of his final words after killing the grandmother by saying She would have been a good womanif it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life (459). Moving along to Boyles Carnal Knowledge we will find a discrepancy of the Right vs. Wrong scenario. In this story we will read about the common scenario of a man, Jim, doing whatever it takes with the purpose of pursuing love in the mu nition of a very selfish and egotistical Alena.Like many, Jim works hard and enjoys eating meat, as he would love nothing more than to have Beef, mutton, pork, venison, go down burgers, and greasy ribs (569). But his whole world is turned upside down when he meets Alena, as he was laying on the beach feeling lonesome. In contrast to him, Alena is an animal rights fanatic. Regardless, cupids arrow had struck Jim from the moment he laid eyes on her. He tried changing everything about himself to emphasise and win her heart. Jim lost his job, became a vegan, and became part of animal rights protests to impress her. The sad part of the story was not love striking Jim.Instead, Alena being as self involved as she was, did not reciprocate the feelings he had for her. She did not reciprocate anything at all for that matter. After all his effort and attempts, Alena ends up with Rolfe and leaving with him to Wyoming, along with this devastating heart break for Jim, during their whole friend ship he was mistreated and being unfairly dealt by the woman who stole his heart. This is another relatable topic as we see this happen all the time around us or to us in our daily life. We find a relationship where there is and abuser and an abused.There is a relationship where there is right vs. wrong. Good vs. evil and right vs. wrong. We learn about this endless battle through stories, poems, movies, etc. close to importantly, we must treasure the brilliant work from authors like Boyle and OConnor, which show us some of these scenarios through some of their writing. The same way we recognize the faults and the attributes in these characters, we can learn a thing or two and avoid making the same mistakes or catching ourselves while we still can before we hurt someone or even ourselves. We can all agree that right is most important after all.

Gun Violence in America Research Paper

Since 1982, at least sixty-two mass snaps have occurred, thirty-two of them since 2006. (Aronsen). Jargond Loughner was sentenced to life in prison after shooting nineteen citizenry in January of 2011. Last July, fifty- octonary people were shot and twelve killed while watching the new Batman movie in a household in Colorado. In December, twenty-six people were murdered, including twenty first-graders, in a Connecticut elementary school (Follman). The issue of flatulence vehemence only becomes relevant after a horrific event such as these, then fades from public concern after about two weeks.The issuing of injuries and murders using accelerators in the United States is a large number, which can hopefully be lowered by implementing statewide, or even nationwide bomber buyback programs, stricter carrying permit laws, and do it harder for the mentally unstable and convicted felons to legally obtain guns.HISTORY/BACKGROUNDThe argument for or against gun control has been an on going battle since the beginning of the nation. The Second Amendment gives people the right to guard arms. When arguing for this Amendment, the factor that is not considered is that it was made so one could protect their person in case of an emergency. There was no legal philosophy force when this law was created therefore it was almost every man for himself, the people protected themselves. Now the police force is incredibly large, and is always patrolling the streets to make current all is surface and everyone is safe. Carrying a small handgun in ones car is reasonable, just is keeping ten different models of machine guns and semi-automatic rifles at home precisely for fun?PRODUCTION/OWNERSHIPEvery year, eight million small firearms and ten to fifteen billion rounds of ammunition atomic number 18 manufactured worldwide. Over eight hundred and 75 million firearms are in possession in the world, and 75% belong to the people (Alpers). In the United States, approximately 6. 1 million guns are produced from each one year and there is a ratio of 89 guns to every 100 people (Firearms Death Rate per 100,000 by State, statehealthfacts. org). According to a Gallup poll, the majority of gun owners possess guns for three main purposes 67% for self-defense, 66% for target shooting, and 62%for hunting (Velasco). If one decides to own guns, they should be kept locked up safely in a private place, so there is not easy access for children in the household or someone incapable of properly operating a firearm.ARMED FELONS/MENTALLY UNSTABLEIn 2005, Erik Zettergren shot Jason Robinson in the head for attempting to have sex with his wife. He then forced Robinsons fiance to assist him in dragging his unawares body to the river for disposal. Zettergren was a man with a history of mental health problems, and was a convicted felon who had his rights to possess a gun barred.Two months before the murder, a measure reinstated his rights without even holding a hearing (Luo). F elons commit 90% of all gun crimes, yet most of their rights are given back with teensy-weensy or no review. Juveniles and the mentally unbalanced primarily carry out the remainder of the crimes (Kates Jr. ). A German Neurologist claims he has represent the dark berth of orcas brains that is associated with wicked behavior. He classifies these people into three aggroups. The first he classifies as psychologically healthy, people who grow up in an environs where it is OK to beat, steal and murder.The second type is the mentally disturbed criminal who looks at his world as threatening. The third group is pure psychopaths, a group in which tyrants such as Hitler and Stalin belong. (Hall)WILL IT SOLVE ANYTHING?Over thirty-eight thousand people use guns to commit suicide each year. If the guns are taken onward from them, they volition just find anformer(a) way to kill themselves. Suicide is a problem that cant really be solved. On the another(prenominal) hand, guns are also used to kill over eleven thousand people a year (Becker).Again, if the guns are taken away, murderers will find other methods to kill, but if they arent using guns, there hopefully wont be as many deaths. If a man goes into a building with a gun, he can kill an almost unlimited number of people, but if he only has a knife, for example, its going to take a deal out long-lasting to kill that many people by the time help arrives.ANTI-GUN ORGANIZATIONSOne of the most famous anti-gun organizations is the Brady ladder, established in 1974, which has played a major post in the control of guns.Their main goal is to make it more difficult for convicted felons, the mentally unstable, and other such people to obtain guns ( close to Us news report of the Brady Campaign). They presented the Brady exploit, passed in 1993, which would impose a waiting period of up to five days for the purchase of a handgun, and subjects purchasers to a background check (Brady Act). Since the pain in the neck of this act, over one hundred million background checks have been conducted, and more than seven hundred thousand attempted purchases have been denied (National flashgun culpable Background Check System).Another major group is the Coalition to Stop flatulence madness, or the CSGV. Their mission statement is The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence seeks to secure freedom from gun violence through research, strategic engagement and effective policy advocacy. They are composed of forty-seven national organizations, including spiritual and companionable justice organizations, child welfare advocates, and public health professionals. This diversity allows them to reach a wide variety of grassroots in the world (About Us Coalition to Stop Gun Violence).CONCLUSIONIf people like teachers had carrying permits, they could keep a gun locked up in the classroom, so if a person with a gun comes bursting through the door and threatens to shoot people, or does shoot someone, the teacher can run t o grab the gun, and protect the lives of all the children and him/herself. Through get on investigation, it has been found that the gun murder rate can be lowered through proper enforcement of carrying permit laws, better help for the mentally unbalanced, and increased gun buybacks.Gun Violence in America Research PaperSince 1982, at least sixty-two mass shootings have occurred, thirty-two of them since 2006. (Aronsen). Jared Loughner was sentenced to life in prison after shooting nineteen people in January of 2011. Last July, fifty-eight people were shot and twelve killed while watching the new Batman movie in a theater in Colorado. In December, twenty-six people were murdered, including twenty first-graders, in a Connecticut elementary school (Follman).The issue of gun violence only becomes relevant after a horrific event such as these, then fades from public concern after about two weeks. The number of injuries and murders using guns in the United States is a large number, which can hopefully be lowered by implementing statewide, or even nationwide gun buyback programs, stricter carrying permit laws, and making it harder for the mentally unstable and convicted felons to legally obtain guns.HISTORY/BACKGROUNDThe argument for or against gun control has been an ongoing battle since the beginning of the nation. The Second Amendment gives people the right to bear arms. When arguing for this Amendment, the factor that is not considered is that it was made so one could protect their person in case of an emergency. There was no police force when this law was created therefore it was almost every man for himself, the people protected themselves. Now the police force is incredibly large, and is always patrolling the streets to make sure all is well and everyone is safe. Carrying a small handgun in ones car is reasonable, but is keeping ten different models of machine guns and semi-automatic rifles at home just for fun?PRODUCTION/OWNERSHIPEvery year, eight million sm all firearms and ten to fifteen billion rounds of ammunition are manufactured worldwide. Over eight hundred and seventy-five million firearms are in possession in the world, and 75% belong to the people (Alpers). In the United States, approximately 6.1 million guns are produced each year and there is a ratio of 89 guns to every 100 people (Firearms Death Rate per 100,000 by State, statehealthfacts.org).According to a Gallup poll, the majority of gun owners possess guns for three main purposes 67% for self-defense, 66% for target shooting, and 62%for hunting (Velasco). If one decides to own guns, they should be kept locked up safely in a private place, so there is not easy access for children in the household or someone incapable of properly operating a firearm.ARMED FELONS/MENTALLY UNSTABLEIn 2005, Erik Zettergren shot Jason Robinson in the head for attempting to have sex with his wife. He then forced Robinsons fiance to assist him in dragging his groundless body to the river for d isposal. Zettergren was a man with a history of mental health problems, and was a convicted felon who had his rights to possess a gun barred. Two months before the murder, a judge reinstated his rights without even holding a hearing (Luo). Felons commit 90% of all gun crimes, yet most of their rights are given back with little or no review. Juveniles and the mentally unbalanced primarily carry out the remainder of the crimes (Kates Jr.).A German Neurologist claims he has found the dark patch of killers brains that is associated with wicked behavior. He classifies these people into three groups. The first he classifies as psychologically healthy, people who grow up in an environment where it is OK to beat, steal and murder. The second type is the mentally disturbed criminal who looks at his world as threatening. The third group is pure psychopaths, a group in which tyrants such as Hitler and Stalin belong. (Hall)WILL IT SOLVE ANYTHING?Over thirty-eight thousand people use guns to com mit suicide each year. If the guns are taken away from them, they will just find another way to kill themselves. Suicide is a problem that cant really be solved. On the other hand, guns are also used to kill over eleven thousand people a year (Becker). Again, if the guns are taken away, murderers will find other methods to kill, but if they arent using guns, there hopefully wont be as many deaths. If a man goes into a building with a gun, he can kill an almost unlimited number of people, but if he only has a knife, for example, its going to take a lot longer to kill that many people by the time help arrives.ANTI-GUN ORGANIZATIONSOne of the most famous anti-gun organizations is the Brady Campaign, established in 1974, which has played a major role in the control of guns. Their main goal is to make it more difficult for convicted felons, the mentally unstable, and other such people to obtain guns (About Us History of the Brady Campaign). They presented the Brady Act, passed in 1993, w hich would impose a waiting period of up to five days for the purchase of a handgun, and subjects purchasers to a background check (Brady Act). Since the imposition of this act, over one hundred million background checks have been conducted, and more than seven hundred thousand attempted purchases have been denied (National Instant Criminal Background Check System).Another major group is the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, or the CSGV. Their mission statement is The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence seeks to secure freedom from gun violence through research, strategic engagement and effective policy advocacy. They are composed of forty-seven national organizations, including religious and social justice organizations, child welfare advocates, and public health professionals. This diversity allows them to reach a wide variety of grassroots in the world (About Us Coalition to Stop Gun Violence).CONCLUSIONIf people like teachers had carrying permits, they could keep a gun locked up in th e classroom, so if a person with a gun comes bursting through the door and threatens to shoot people, or does shoot someone, the teacher can run to grab the gun, and protect the lives of all the children and him/herself. Through further investigation, it has been found that the gun murder rate can be lowered through proper enforcement of carrying permit laws, better help for the mentally unbalanced, and increased gun buybacks.

Hemmingway: Catherine as a Code Hero

Catherine A Manipulative Caretaker In A Farewell to Arms, Frederic atomic number 1 is characterized initially by a sort of detachment from life-though well-disciplined and friendly, he feels as if he has nothing to do with the war. These feelings of detachment are pushed away when heat content falls in love with Catherine and begins to realize the hostile nature of the world. In this way, henry serves the function of a character that becomes initiated in Hemingways philosophy of an indifferent universe and mans struggle against it.Due to the untimely demise of a fiance previous to the events of this book, Catherine is initiated into Hemingways philosophy, and exemplifies the traits of the Hemingway canon submarine sandwichthroughout the novel. She is characterized primarily by her disregard forsocial conventionsas well as an unfaltering devotion to Henry. Catherine is defined as a enrol hero because of her honor, courageousness, and endurance in pain. Honor is defined as havin g a keen sense of ethical conduct. For Catherine, the ethical conduct is keeping Henry happy, and in doing so, she is keeping herself happy.At first glance, Catherine Barkley appears to be an example of any mans fantasy girl. She appears as a dull character that asks nothing of Henry and is only there to make him happy. Because of this, it is said that Catherines character is demeaning to women. Catherine Barkleys basic approach to her relationship with Frederic shows her as being inferior. She appears to gladly accept a visit role in her relationship with Frederic. Ill do what you desire and say what you want, she tells him, and then Ill be a great success, wont I (Hemmingway105).Her idea of a successful relationship, and of happiness, is base on making Frederic happy no matter what she has to do. Like the code hero, she handles conflicting needs with grace, giving to some(prenominal), but shorting none. She uses Henry as a guidebook to fulfill her need for her dead fiance. An d because Henry is characterized as unemotional, it is effortless for her to use him as a template to mold him into the man she longs for. She enters the war as a nurse the same time her fiance enters as a soldier, but because he dies she longs for a clutch to keep track of reality.She is always surrounded by wounded soldiers, which does not help her cope with the death of her fiance until Henry comes into her life. His unemotional attitude towards the world provides her with the perfect opportunity bring her fiance support to lifein her mind. In a conversation with Henry, Catherine forces words into his mouth, Say, Ive come back to Catherine in the night (30). Henry instinctually repeats as she says without ever quizzical her. He even says, I thought she was probably a little crazyI did not care what I was getting into (30).Even though he acknowledges the occurrence that she might be slightly deranged, he accepts her because he the type of man to gamble. In another instance, Cat herine reassures herself that her love will not reverse her again. Youre so lovely and sweet. You wouldnt go away in the night, would you? (197). Because she loses her love once already, she is unwilling to allow that to happen again. Also, by loving Henry, she saves her from dismission crazy with grief. When everything is exploding all around them, everything takes on more urgency. In her mind, as well as his, it is normal that she feels so intensely for Henry.And she doesnt fall isolated without him when they are disjunct, but just keeps on trucking and hoping. She does not needHenry for anything but love. Although, on the surface, Catherine seems to be the perfect male fantasy, she is in fact quite the opposite. In addition to her honorable acts, she displays courage. Even Ernest Lockridge, author of near in Her Fashion Catherine Barkley, the Invisible Hemingway Heroine says, Catherine frequently displays wit, intelligence, cool irony, and, facing death, she displays digni ty and couragequalities that seems contradictory to the fawning, submissive Catherine (Lockridge 172).Hemmingway portrays courage in Catherine when she tries to console Henry about her death. Im not bodacious anymore, darling. Im all depleted. Theyve broken me. I know it now (Hemmingway 323). Catherine is clearly in fear of death, but she is not trying to run or hide from it. She faces death and tries to console Henry by telling him she is not going to die. After undergoing a caesarian section and giving birth to a stillborn baby boy, Catherine proves just how brave she is. Though she knows she is dying, she still has the dignity and strength to accept such a fate. In face, she finds herself trying to comfort her distraught lover once again.With death approaching, Catherines final words to Frederic Henry suggest she possesses some sense or understanding of her own mortality and of what is soon to come. She says, Im not a bit afraid. Its just a dirty trick (331). The it Catherine r efers to is presumably death, but in fact, the indefinite may be referring to life, a process Catherine views as a rotten game (31), since so much about it is left to chance and death is always the end. Catherine stood brave in the face of a involvement with her own body. Like the soldiers, neither her bravery, nor Henrys love, could save her from death.In Henrys mind, the death of the soldiers and the death of Catherine are parallel tragedies, which cannot be separated from each other. By weaving the tragedies together, he memorializes both such tragedies, and can perhaps hope to heal a bit of his pain. Critics may argue that Catherine is a clutch for Henry to cope with war, but clearly throughout the novel, Henry is more attached to her than she is to him. Frederic says, When I saw her, I was in love with her. Everything moody over inside of me (Hemmingway 91). He is truly falling in love with her and who she is, but she, on the other hand only loves him for being alive.He is, i n fact, her tool to endure the emotional pain for the loss of her fiance. Once again Ernest Lockridge says, To preserve her fantasy, Catherine strives to isolate the relationship from others. She speaks Frederic Henrys name only onceby worrying that people will suspect an affairshe will not marry Frederic Henry (Lockridge 174). When Frederic first meets her she laments that she did not marry her fiance ahead he died. She says that they were engaged for eight years and that they grew up together. She tells Frederic she did not marry her fiance because she thought that it would trap him.She feels she will do the same to Henry. Frederic Henry does want to be married but Catherine thinks this would keep them from being together during the war. When he pressures her, she says, Were really married. I couldnt be any more married. She keeps up this attitude until near the end of her pregnancy, when she says, I suppose if we have this child, we should really get married (Hemmingway 115). F rederic says, Lets get married now (293). scarce Catherine refuses again and claims to want to wait until after the baby is born. She wants the commitment of marriage, but is very suspicious of it as an institution.Also, Catherine, in her mind, envisions Henry as her dead fiance, so to her she is still completely faithful but in reality, she is with a man that she has not truly come to know. She is at a fragile state where if she acknowledges the death of her fiance, she will be shattered. Her mechanism of coping with the pain of losing a loved one is by replacing him with another body but not in spirit. On a physical sense, she endures pain by being away from Henry as well as the occurrence where she is in labor. While in labor, Catherine is in pain, but she is telling Henry to eat so he is not harmed from hunger. She says, That was a very big one.Dont you worry, darling. You go away. Go have another breakfast (317). Even with painful contractions, she is more concerned with Henry s appetite than her own comfort. Catherine has a high endurance for pain, both emotionally and physically. She creates coping mechanisms for both so that she is able to live in reality without seeming insane. Traditionally, Hemingways heroes are male, and to interpret Catherine as a code hero was inadmissible. Catherine was thought as an undeveloped character in the novel, merely an idealized projection of male desire. Upon closer examination, however, Catherine does share characteristics of the code hero.Hemingways code hero is a skilled professional. Catherine is a nurse who is skilled in her profession. The code hero lives with courage in a dangerous world. Catherine demonstrates courage when she and Frederic row across the lake to unravel into Switzerland, a very dangerous feat, and especially when she tries to deliver their baby, finally realizing that she will die. The code hero also lives in a random universe, but chooses to understand himself and endure reality. Catherine cannot control events when she goes into labor, but she endures the pain with dignity until her death.Catherine endures in other ways, as well. She experiences the death of a fiance and faces great fear as an unwed nurse when she learns she is pregnant. Throughout all of these times, however, Catherine does not feel sorry for herself, and she does not break. Like a code hero, she endures. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York Scribner, 2003. Print. Lockridge, Ernest. Faithful in Her Fashion Catherine Barkley, the Invisible Hemingway Heroine. The Journal of Narrative Technique, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Spring 188), pp 170-178

Argumentative Speech Essay

Argumentative SpeechFreedom of SpeechWe all know what the general pith of emancipation of speech is. But let me tell you a deeper meaning of freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is the properly, guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, to express beliefs and ideas without unwarranted plaque checkion. Speech is built in to our lives as a way to communicate with others. Thats why I believe everyone has the freedom and right to speak.Some nations whitewash restrict the peoples right to speak. One of them is brotherhood Korea. conglutination Korea is one of the 5 remaining countries that adopt the communist ideology. According to Wikipedia, anybody in North Korea who tries to speak to the public about the governing body will be sent to labor camps and be forced to work there. Worst case scenario, they get executed. North Korea is non the only country who does this. Myanmar, Nepal, and the rest of the communist countries do this as well. I believe this has t o stop for all humans have the same rights and none of us ar superior to anyone. Its also a matter of honoring human rights.There has to be steps taken to ensure that freedom of speech is available to everyone. The first major movement in freedom of rights is the creation of the First Amendment. According to Wikipedia, the First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. It was follow on December 15 1791 as one of the Ten Amendments. I believe that from that point on, freedom of speech has been more widespread and movements like that posit the world a better place. Democratic countries are the perfect examples of a country that honors the freedom of speech. In a democratic country, the people are the rulers, a nd the freedom of speech is used by the people to make the country better.The freedom of speech has a significant impact in our social life. For example, without the freedom of speech, we wouldnt be able to object tosomething that the people think doesnt seem right. A few months ago, the workers in Jakarta asked for a minimum wage profit because of rising prices on goods. The workers are using their freedom of speech to express their thoughts to the government. The government finally increased the minimum wages. Another example is without freedom of speech, the government would control the people. The government would make rules that doesnt honor human rights, like North Korea. Im sure no one wants that to happen.Some energy argue that there should be huge snares on freedom of speech. That freedom of speech should be limited to our society only and that freedom of speech does not cover the right to speak about the government. But think about it, if freedom of speech is limited, w e wont be able to change rules that are made by the government. We wont be able to change whats wrong with the rules. A good example is the US right now. latterly the US has been discovered to spy on US citizens and other countries through the internet. This was revealed by somebody who works inside that government. If freedom of speech didnt exist, the US citizens would have never known that their government was spying on them. But because freedom of speech exists, we are able to know. Countries shouldnt be able to limit our freedom to speech.We know now how important freedom of speech is. How crucial it is for every one of us. We all have the right to know, we all have the right to tell. We all have the right to protest if something is wrong in the government. We might feel offended by something mortal says. We might also offend someone by something we say. But the world has decided that freedom of speech is important, and it has been shown by the creation of the First Amendment . No one should be able to restrict our minds and restrict our rights to speech. There has to be steps taken to ensure our freedom to speech. So far it has been good, but we need more progress. We need to speak out our thoughts. So far the US has been the country that pushes freedom of speech the most. We all have to follow their example and push the rights to speech. I wouldnt even be talk here if freedom of speech didnt exist.

The Miranda warning

IntroductionFor even the most casual viewer of guard television shows, the cry of read me my salutarys has been heard from the lips of accuse shepherds crooks as frequently as anything else. Beyond this statement, however, lies a real life drama- The Miranda Warning. Where this warning came from, its true meaning and intent, as well as what the future should throw off for The Miranda Warning are all pivotal hesitancys which will be answered in the course of this research in order to better understand non scarce Miranda, but the overall American turn justice system and its approach to the rights of those impeach of crimes.What is the Miranda Warning?To begin, the origins of The Miranda Warning itself, as well as the actual verbal expression of the warning, need to be understood. Originally, The Miranda Warning came forth from the legal expression of Ernesto Miranda, the focus of the 1963 self-governing Court Case Miranda v. Arizona (Lyman, 2004). Essentially, the facts of the case are as follows Ernesto Miranda was arrested, accuse of the rape of a mildly mentally handicapped woman. At the time of his arrest, Miranda was not advised by the arresting officer that he had the Constitutional right to remain silent, to choose not to answer questions with proscribed an attorney present, and to not be forced to offer any information that would be used against him in any legal case.Eventually, Mirandas attorney argued that Mirandas confession to the crime should be thrown out of court, because it was obtained without Miranda being advised of his rights. The original judge in the case denied this motion, but eventually, the Supreme Court ruled that the statements that Miranda originally made to the police should be disregarded because he was not read his rights (Robertson, 1997). As a core of this pivotal ruling, a standardized warning, on that pointin known as The Miranda Warning, was instituted by all police forces in the United States, and recited to a nyone impeach of a crime forwards being questioned. The full text of the warning is as followsYou have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer questions. Do you understand? Anything you do ordinate may be used against you in a court of law. Do you understand? You have the right to consult an attorney forwards speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future. Do you understand?If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish. Do you understand?If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney present you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney. Do you understand? Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present? (Robertson, 1997, p. 161)Ultimately, the warning was achievementively made much shorter and easier for suspects to understand, presented as followsYou have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense. (Robertson, 1997, p. 162).With The Miranda Warning having been refined and put in place, one would make the assumption that the rights of man-to-mans are protected, and the police are safeguarded against having key evidence dismissed on a technicality, but the opposite is actually the case. Further research has revealed pivotal issues surrounding The Miranda Warning.Pivotal Issues Surrounding the Miranda WarningThe Miranda Warning faces heavy controversy both from the viewpoint of the criminal justice system and the accused criminal. For police and the courts, Miranda is sometimes argued against, as the claim is made that the Warning prevents the swift investigation of criminal matters due to the lack of divulgence of important information during questioning that could literally save lives or property this has especially become true in the modern era of terrorism, when foreign suspects, some(prenominal) argue, need to be compelled to give information immediately so that potential terror plots can be diffused before mass murder occurs.However, for the accused and the attorneys that represent them, Miranda is seen as something that is necessary in order to keep police from either misinterpreting the statements of suspects, coercing confessions out of suspects through psychological means, or by actually resorting to strength to literally beat a confession out of the suspect (Mirandas Enemies, 2000). Based on the two sides of the issue, the pivotal issue is clear how can Miranda be used in a way that protects victims, aids law enforcement and promotes common order, while still giving accused criminals the entitlements of due process as guaranteed by the Con stitution? There is no clear answer to how this can be achieved, but on both the federal and state levels, the issue has been explored.States Views of the Miranda WarningSome states have interpreted a more generous view of the use of Miranda than others, resulting in cases being brought to appeal in the supreme courts of those states. The landmark case in this regard, cited over the medieval several years, is Missouri v. Seibert. The basic facts of this case were that police in the state of Missouri were reading Miranda to suspects only subsequently they began questioning them, and they would then continue to question after the reading, in an effort to confuse a suspect.With this approach, the suspect, even if their statements made before the reading were dismissed, would still likely have some statements made after the reading that would be incriminating. Calling this a two-step around the Constitution, this practice was eventually ruled illegal by a Missouri court (Leo, 1996). T his in like manner brings up another important technicality- the need to provide Miranda to everyone being questioned by police, or only those who are officially placed under arrest. The net effect of all of this is to greatly muddy the legal waters and make the use of Miranda, or the lack of it, a hot legal topic on both sides of the courtroom bench, so to speak. Therefore, many states have looked to the federal government to issue universal decrees on Miranda.Constitutional View of the Miranda WarningEvery accused criminal has classically been protected by the Constitution, specifically by the First and Fifth Amendments as an example. Essentially, all of the debates about Miranda have filtered down to a few Constitutional standards, which of course are not set in stone due to the dynamic nature of the American justice system, but are worthy of discussion in this research. Generally speaking, the Supreme Court of the United States, based on cases like Missouri v. Seibert, has rule d that neither the accused in a criminal case, nor those arrested in a criminal case need to be Mirandized as it has come to be called.However, there is a caution to be noted- if the individual is not made aware of their rights, there is the possibility that statements they make can be dismissed in a legal case against them since the information was technically obtained in an illegal manner by the law enforcement personnel who obtained it in the first place (Nooter, 2005). Again, there is a legal tightrope to be walked here, between what can be make to protect individual rights of accused and victim alike, while still serving the interests of justice and fulfilling the role of law enforcement in society. A key question leads to the conclusion of the research- what should be done about Miranda?Conclusion- What Should be Done about the Miranda Warning?In wondering what should be done about Miranda, there is something that needs to be laid out right off- there is no ideal criminal jus tice system, and the guilty will sometimes avoid punishment, and unfortunately, the innocent will be punished as well. However, this being said, there need to be safeguards in place to make sure that the police do not falsely generate evidence against accused criminals, and as well, that the truly guilty do not escape justice. Therefore, in closing, it is one humble opinion that Miranda should be kept in place, closely monitored as it has been. While it is flawed in some areas, to discard it wholesale would be much worse than the present situation.ReferencesLeo, R. A. (1996). The Impact of Miranda Revisited. Journal of flagitious Law and Criminology, 86(3), 621-692.Lyman, M.D. (2004). Criminal Investigation The Art and Science. New York Prentice Hall.Mirandas Enemies. (2000, May 15). The Nation, 270, 4.Nooter, D. S. (2005). Is Missouri V. Seibert Practicable? Supreme Court Dances the Two-Step around Miranda. American Criminal Law Review, 42(3), 1093+.Robertson, D. (1997). A Diction ary of Human Rights. London Europa Publications.

Adam smith vs Karl marks philosophy economics contribution Essay

To begin with, metalworker came up with the concept of the invisible hand (Communist (1848)). This concept was to relieve that seeking egotism interest is non necessarily bad but it sought to explain the naive realism that bulk tend to act in their own self-interests. When psyches pursue their self interests, they promote without their know directge the wakeless of the community at large and so it can be said that an individual who wants to maximize their revenue enhancement maximizes the revenue of the society likewise.This liberty to customers to buy cedely what they want and for the producers to produce what they want without any oblige enables the market to settle on a product distribution and prices that ar beneficial to all individual members of the community. This liberty to both producers and consumers and the greed to maximize their interests, drives them into a behavior that is beneficial to all in that accompaniment community. Due to this, producers ar forc ed to employ methods of production that ar efficient with an aim o maximize their profits. This leads to low prices that are meant to out do their competitors and this forces investors to go for firms that wants to maximize their profits and wherefore this works as mechanism of balancing.The invisible hand concept acts as the root of modern scotchs. A good good example is the general equilibrium which states that if the economical forces are balanced in the absence of external influences, thusly the economic variables will non change. This requires that e realthing in the market beginning with pricing to production be applyled by the players in the market but not by other forces.These external forces may include among others the regulations that are impose by the government or other organizations that may have a verbalise on the market. consort to the general equilibrium, when the prices are very low, then there is surplus supply and when the prices are very low, then t heres a shortage in supply. As a settlement of this, the situations tend to control themselves without the invite for any regulator from outside. These outside forces in the market slow the rate at which the thrift grows and they also lead to infancy in the variableness of bray. As a result of that need for self improvement, efficient division of grate is realized as well as improved efficiency in the deliverance. This concept is very much in use even in to sidereal days economy .The modern market structure borrows greatly from the earlier ideas of natural monopoly by fling metalworker.( The Poverty of ism valet nature)The division of laborDivision of labor is a clear indication of qualitative step towards increase productivity and so it acts as an engine that drives towards realization of economic progress. Smith realized that labor division and for that matter labor specialization would improve greatly on the concentration of workers on the duties they coif. This conce ntration would get along as a result of doing a single task many another(prenominal)(prenominal) times or repetitively.The need for improvements in productivity of the work force is said to be the root cause for labor division. consort to Smith, labor division can lead to increased productivity. This productivity from the workers can be attributed to specialization in one task since specialization leads to greater skill on their particular subtasks compared to what would be accomplished by the same number of workers performing a broad task. For maximum productivity from workers, skills that they have should be matched with the comparable equipments. Most of straight offs increase in productivity can be attributed to the matching of technological, human and physical capital and mostly in the manner in which they are organized. This means that laborers need to be fit out with the right skills so as to be effective in what they do compared to when there would be no job specializat ion and hence anybody could perform any job.Todays economics has borrowed greatly from these ideas from Adam smith. numerous organization have realized the need to equip their employees and some even hire unskilled ones but lucre for their acquisition of skills. Another out hail of labor division according to Adam smith is minimisation of time that is extra by employees when woful from one task to the other. A lot of time is superfluous when people keep on relocating and this proves expensive to the company in the long run because they have to pay the employees. Through labor division, this time wastage is minimized .The modern concept of scientific management borrows greatly from Adam Smiths ideas .Scientific management emphasizes on the connection between activities and the transformation that occurs within the process. This is also supported by William lilliputian who notes and demonstrates its importance in the construction of Dutch ships.He admits that people with a parti cular task to perform had discovered new ways of doing their work which were later observed and justified by political writers on economy. (An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) specialisation)The final payment of laborWages of labor are dictated by mostly by the avail aptitude of job vacancies and also by the availability of workforce. When there are many workers and the available vacancies are few, the mensuration of money the workers are paid usually fall. Likewise, when employers compete against one another and the labor supply is limited, the wages paid to the employees usually rises but its worthy noting that this process is made executable by unity among laborers and masters. This gracious of unity enables laborers to come together and forfeit biding for jobs against each other hence make the employers increase the wages paid to them.Likewise when employers come together in unity and stop binding against each other, the wages fall. Howeve r, in places where the amount of labor is to a greater extent compared to the amount of the amount of revenue that can used to pay for waged labor, the disputation among the employees in greater than the competition between the employers. Smith argues that the amount of revenue must keep on increasing constantly compared to the amount of labor so that wages may remain high. Profits of stock too have an impact on the wages because the more money is spent on compensating labor little is left for personal profit. This is cl proterozoic shown in countries where competition amongst employees is great compared to competition among employers, profits will be much higher.Due to these views, Smith attacks people who are politically aligned and try to use their political influence to manipulate the government and other powers into their bidding. Smith feared that people of this class could form a powerful block and take advantage of their closeness with the governing into manipulating the s tate into enforcing certain regulations meant to serve their interests against the general interests. These would maker other players vulnerable and have no say in the way businesses were being conducted. According to other people the level of specialization brought about by division of labor was externally determined but in the contrary, Smith argued that it was the dynamic engine towards economic progress.Surprisingly, Smith himself criticizes the division of labor arguing that it leads to mental mutilation of the workers hence rendering them ignorant and insular because their lives are limited only to doing a single task many times. These ideas by Smith are interconnected into todays discussions on economic issues. human beings capital is one of the discussions in which Adams Smiths ideas are used. Human capital is one of the four types of capital that were identified by Adam as being important for the success of a company. As argued by Smith previously, human capital and the productive ability of the labor force is both dependant on the division of labor. Its worthy noting that human capital includes skills, dexterity, and the ability to make the right decisions and human capital can be acquired through informal schooling and on the so called on-the-job training. These acquisitions of skills aimed at improving the effectiveness of the workforce are still practiced today by many companies. (An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) productivity)Adam Smith vs Karl MarxBoth Adam Smith and Karl Marx shared a common idea and this common idea was their praise for capitalism .These deuce early pioneers of modern economics check outd that capitalism was the key in unleashing the productive powers. This argument stated that for the employees to be more productive, they needed to be subject to their bosses or seniors. If the employees were left to work at their own vacuous these two men agreed that their productivity would be minim al and as a result, their employers would incur spoilt losses. This created the need for competition among both the employers and the employees as well since this would keep these two parties on their feet through out. barely despite these similarities in their in their views, there was differences in their ideas as well.Marx and Smith both be to agree that capitalism is the ultimate driving force in profit maximization .New profits and value added, they seem to agree came as result of the employers paying the workers the exact value that is in the market for their labor capacity. except the sad thing was that in most cases, the market value of the goods which the workers produced exceeded that market value. This clearly means that the employers were making maximum profits while paying little to their workers. Both Marx and Smith agree that there are different types of capital and they play different roles during production.Production Capitals include things like land, natural r esources or unrefined materials and lastly technology. All the above named different classes of capital were dependant on each other in production. These two men seemed to agree also that social relations of production should not only be made up of relationships between individuals but rather should be between large groups of people or certain classes of people. These two men had the same idea of a free market. They described a free market as a market in which all prices of the goods that are on offer are decided by mutual consent between sellers and buyers and also one that did not mislead both the sellers as well as the buyers.They both argued that these two major people in the market, the buyer and the seller, should not be forced into making decision by an external party. The relationship between these two players should not be manipulated by any one but to the contrary, it should be left to obey the natural legal philosophy of supply and demand. The difference between free an d controlled markets is that controlled markets are controlled by external forces These forces mostly refers to governments which may immediately or indirectly try to have control of prices or the supplies in the market. One area where these two men seem to differ is their idea of job specialization.Smith advocates for specialization for jobs among workers. He argues that laborers who were assigned too many different duties were less productive than those who were assigned a specific task to perform day in day out. He says that this leads to efficient usage of time and it seeks to save time that is usually wasted by workers when moving from one task to another. But to the contrary, Karl Marx disapproves this idea arguing that job specialization could result to workers with more poor overall skills.This, as he says would be brought about by tendency of people to resist change. He also says that when people perform one task repeatedly, it may lead to tedium and make them less enthus iastic about their work. He describes this whole process as a kind of alienation. According to him, the more workers father specialized and do the same thing over and over, they later become totally alienated. Marx goes ahead to argue that division of labor brings with it spiritual depression to the workers. This means that the workers perform their duties tone as if they are being forced other than doing out of their own will .This greatly lowers the morale of the workers and as a result lower their productivity.Physical tiredness or fatigue can be brought about by job specialization as Marx goes ahead to argue since they no longer belief like human beings but they feel more of machines. Contrary to the idea of Smith, Marx believes that fullness of production is very essential to human liberation goes on to say that he would accept the idea of a unforgiving division of labor as a temporary necessary evil.These views can be said to be in total stemma to those expressed by Smit h. Smith on his part believed that any business was a collection of inter related tasks that were aimed at solving a particular issue. So as to effectively do this, Smith argued that the workload should be divided into simple sets of tasks which could be done effectively by workers who were equipped with special skills for doing that particular job. Its worthy noting that Smith, despite his advocating for division of labor, he does not advocate for achievement of labor division at all costs. Its worthy noting that in contrast to Smiths view which were only limited to functional domain only and were made up of activities that were direct in sequence as far as the manufacturing process is concerned, modern processes are very inclusive. It was as a result of his ideas that labor division was adopted. Today, we can clearly say that much of todays practices in the job markets have borrowed greatly from the ideas of Smith. In all organization, there is job specialization.This has led to the rise of departments in many organizations and each department is allocated certain workers who are in most cases equipped with certain skill to enable them perform specific duties .The sense in this whole exercise as argued by Smith is that it saves a great deal of time that could be wasted by employees when moving from one task to another. This proves very essential since no employer will want to waste his money employees without maximize their productivity.However, it is good to note that Smith admits that seeking self interests is not forever good. All he tried and true to do was trying to reverse believe that self interest is generally bad. He also mean to bring to the light the idea that wile human motives are selfish and greedy the out come of these human behaviors would bring benefits to the whole community at large.This is the direct opposite of the ideas that Marx had .In his arguments Marx says that the major struggles are always between the producers and those who work in the industries. Another of his greatest contribution to modern economics was his sharp trait between the two types of division namely social and economic division of labor .If these two labor divisions are conflated, it might look as if labor division is inevitable rather than being constructed socially and influenced by power. (Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) & Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy).ReferencesEdwin G. West, (1976)The Man and His Wor